Dioecy inMikania (Compositae:Eupatorieae)

For the first time dioecy inMikania and in the tribeEupatorieae is described and discussed. The condition is known only in members of theMikania swartziana Griseb. complex, a group of eight species, all endemic to the Greater Antillean Islands of Cuba, Hispaniola, and Jamaica.     

Significance of Na<Superscript>+</Superscript> and K<Superscript>+</Superscript> for Sustained Hydration of Organ Tissues in Ecologically Distinct Halophytes of the Family Chenopodiaceae

The contents of Na⁺, K⁺, water, and dry matter were measured in leaves and roots of euhalophytes Salicornia europaea L. and Climacoptera lanata (Pall.) Botsch featuring succulent and xeromorphic cell structures, respectively, as well as in saltbush Atriplex micrantha C.A. Mey, a halophyte having bladder-like salt glands on their leaves. All three species were able to accumulate Na⁺ in their tissues. The Na⁺ content in organs increased with elevation of NaCl concentration in the substrate, the concentrations of Na⁺ being higher in leaves than in roots. When these halophytes were grown on a NaCl-free substrate, a trend toward K⁺ accumulation was observed and was better pronounced in leaves than in roots. Particularly high K⁺ concentrations were accumulated in Salicornia leaves. There were no principal differences in the partitioning of Na⁺ and K⁺ between organs of three halophyte species representing different ecological groups. At all substrate concentrations of NaCl, the total content of Na⁺ and K⁺ in leaves was higher than in roots. This distribution pattern persisted in Atriplex possessing salt glands, as well as in euhalophytes Salicornia and Climacoptera. The physiological significance of such universal pattern of ion accumulation and distribution among organs in halophytes is related to the necessity of water absorption by roots, its transport to shoots, and maintenance of sufficient cell water content in all organs under high soil salinity.     

Priority effects and competition by a native species inhibit an invasive species and may assist restoration

Selecting native species for restoration is often done without proper ecological background, particularly with regard to how native and invasive species interact. Here, we provide insights suggesting that such information may greatly enhance restoration success. The performance of the native vine, Pueraria lobata, and that of the invasive bitter vine, Mikania micrantha, were investigated in South China to test how priority effects (timing and rate of germination and seedling growth) and competition (phytochemical effects and competitive ability) impact invasive plant performance. We found that, in the absence of competition, the germination rate of M. micrantha, but not of P. lobata, was significantly affected by light availability. P. lobata seedlings also performed better than those of M. micrantha during early growth phases. Under competition, negative phytochemical effects of P. lobata on M. micrantha were strong and we found M. micrantha to have lower performance when grown with P. lobata compared to when grown by itself. Relative interaction indexes indicated that, under interspecific competition, P. lobata negatively affected (i.e., inhibited) M. micrantha, whereas M. micrantha positively affected (i.e., facilitated) P. lobata. Higher photosynthetic efficiency and soil nutrient utilization put P. lobata at a further advantage over M. micrantha. Field trails corroborated these experimental findings, showing little recruitment of M. micrantha in previously invaded and cleared field plots that were sown with P. lobata. Thus, P. lobata is a promising candidate for ecological restoration and for reducing impacts of M. micrantha in China. This research illustrates that careful species selection may improve restoration outcomes, a finding that may also apply to other invaded ecosystems and species.     

遮荫对彩叶植物矾根夏季适应性表型的影响

以彩叶植物矾根(Heuchera micrantha)‘蜜桃’(‘Georgia Peach’)、‘小珍珠’(‘Petite pearl fairy’)、‘花毯’ (‘Tapestry’)为材料,研究不同遮荫处理对矾根观赏特征、高温半致死温度以及成活率的影响。结果表明,在遮荫条件下,三个矾根品种株高增加、叶面积变大、花序变长、开花推迟,‘蜜桃’和‘小珍珠’花期延长,‘花毯’花期缩短。遮荫引起‘蜜桃’和‘小珍珠’叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量显著上升,花色素苷含量明显下降,叶色由红、紫色向灰绿色转变,叶片彩化度下降;‘花毯’的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素和花青素含量均随遮荫度增加显著上升,其叶色由浅绿转为深绿,叶脉紫红色加重,彩化度提高,观赏性增强。随着遮荫度提高,三个矾根品种的高温半致死温度明显升高,成活率显著上升。相关性分析表明,三个矾根品种的成活率与最高气温、最大光强、气温、光强分别存在极显著负相关关系,与相对湿度以及该品种的高温半致死温度分别存在极显著正相关关系。多元逐步回归分析表明,高光强是引起‘蜜桃’成活率下降的关键因素,‘小珍珠’的成活率主要取决于高温半致死温度,‘花毯’的成活率主要受极端高温的影响。     

森草净杀灭薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)及其安全性

在深圳市内伶仃岛薇甘菊危害的不同群落生境中,设立9块样地81个小样方,用森草净（即70%嘧碘降水溶性粉剂）杀灭样地中的薇甘菊施量为0.0001~0.02 g•m^-2,结果表明：各浓度的森草净杀灭效果均较好,杀灭率随着用药量的增加而提高;在坡地和溪谷生境中,森草净用药量分别为0.05~0.1 g•m^-2、>0.2 g•m^-2能较彻底地杀灭薇甘菊。应用HPLC法检测样地土壤中嘧磺隆残留量,溪谷土壤中嘧磺隆半衰期C=C₀•e^-0.083T, T_1/2＝8.4,施药后37 d消解95.9％,坡地高浓度级半衰期C=C₀•e^-0.046T, T_1/2＝15.1 d,施药后37 d消解85.0％,坡地低浓度级半衰期C=C₀•e-0.090T, T_1/2＝7.7 d,施药后15 d消解742％。不同浓度森草净处理样地,施药后7、15、37 d均可检测到嘧磺隆,并且含量越来越小,但施药后68 d的土样,均未检测到嘧磺隆的存在。     

小花假泽兰精油化学成分及其抑菌活性初步研究

利用GC-MS技术分析了小花假泽兰全株精油的化学成分及其含量,并初步测定了精油的抑菌效果.从小花假泽兰全株精油中共鉴定出49种成分,占色谱峰总面积的57.28%,主要成分为22,23-二羟基豆甾烷醇(7.34%)、氧化丁子香烯(3.34%)、罗汉柏烯(2.92%)、cubenol(2.81%)等.生长速率法测定表明,小花假泽兰精油对番茄灰霉病菌、小麦纹枯病菌和小麦赤霉病菌菌丝生长抑制作用较强,在1 000 mg/L剂量下抑制率均在90%以上;果实针刺法测试表明,该精油对番茄灰霉病菌具明显保护作用和治疗作用,但治疗效果低于保护效果,在2 000mg/L剂量下,后者达70.79%,前者仅51.79%.     

薇甘菊入侵扩散机制研究进展与改进思考

从薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha H B.k)的入侵分布、入侵能力以及群落可侵入性等方面对其入侵机制研究进展进行了分析和总结.以往的研究工作没有重视对薇甘菊入侵过程的整体性研究、对入侵扩散影响因素分析、空间尺度约束影响分析,以及分析方法和技术手段的缺陷.因此,未来应重点开展薇甘菊入侵扩散过程重建及潜在危害区域预测、景观结构对薇甘菊入侵危害的影响等研究,并完善薇甘菊入侵扩散的动态监测网络及风险评估体系.     

薇甘菊乙醇酸氧化酶基因的克隆、序列分析和原核表达

利用SSH和RACE相结合的方法获得了薇甘菊乙醇酸氧化酶基因cDNA全长,并对该序列进行了生物信息学分析。随后将该基因的cDNA编码区克隆到原核表达载体pET-32a(+)中,构建重组表达质粒,转化到大肠杆菌Rosetta-gami(DE3)中进行表达。序列分析表明,薇甘菊乙醇酸氧化酶基因cDNA全长1 363 bp,编码369个氨基酸,命名为MmGO（GenBank登录号EU716626）,推测的MmGO分子量为40.32 kDa,等电点为8.99。系统进化分析表明,MmGO与芸苔的GO序列亲缘关系比较近。将该基因重组到pET-32a(+)中进行原核表达,经0.1 mmol·L^-1 IPTG,25℃诱导4 h,获得了具有较高表达水平的融合蛋白6×His MmGO,Western-blot证实表达的6×His-MmGO能与抗6×His的单抗发生特异性反应,分子量约为60 kDa,与预测的融合蛋白6×His-MmGO分子量相符。为进一步研究融合蛋白6×His-MmGO的活性和功能奠定了基础。     

薇甘菊乙醇提取物对假眼小绿叶蝉自然种群的控制作用及其对蜘蛛的影响

研究薇甘菊Mikania micrantha乙醇提取物对假眼小绿叶蝉Empoasca vitis自然种群的控制作用,并比较其与常用药剂0．3％印楝素EC1000倍液、10％吡&#183;仲EC500倍液的控制效果,结果表明薇甘菊乙醇提取物4gDW／100mL、2gDW／100mL、1gDW／100mL和2个常用药剂的种群干扰作用控制指数均小于1,其中控制效果最佳的是薇甘菊4gDW／100mL,其干扰作用控制指数最低,仅为0．2392,其次为0．3％印楝素ECl000倍液,干扰作用控制指数为0．2787。田间调查结果表明,薇甘菊乙醇提取物3个不同浓度的处理以及0．3％印楝素EC1000倍液处理下的蜘蛛数量与对照相比显著不差异,而10％吡&#183;仲EC500倍液处理下蜘蛛的数量明显少于其它处理。室内观察表明,薇甘菊4gDW／100mL处理后,田间优势天敌银斑蛛Argyrodessp．、旋转后丘蛛Dipoenura cyclosides的取食量与对照没有显著差异,说明薇甘菊乙醇提取物对假眼小绿叶蝉天敌较安全。